Current surgical CAVD treatments include SAVR (Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement), the traditional open-chest aortic valve replacement surgery, and TAVR (Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement), a minimally-invasive procedure whereby a catheter is inserted through the leg and into the heart to replace the faulty valve. However, these treatment options carry high risk of death or various other complications. Moreover, given that the average lifetime of a replaced artificial valve is only 10 years, repeated replacement procedures are inevitable, further increasing medical expenses.